95
National 52
Subnational 43
Jurisdictions with compliance instruments
80
ETSs 37
Carbon taxes 43
Instruments implemented
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Carbon pricing instruments are considered: "Implemented" once they have been formally adopted through legislation and compliance obligations are in force and enforced; "Under development" if the government is actively working towards the implementation of a specific carbon pricing instrument, a mandate may have been established, but regulated entities do not yet face compliance obligations, and this has been formally confirmed by official government sources; or "Under consideration" if the government has announced its intention to work towards the implementation of a carbon pricing instrument and this has been formally confirmed by official government sources. An "Abolished" instrument is one that has previously met the definition of "Implemented" but is no longer in place. *The UK left the EU ETS but electricity generators in Northern Ireland are still subject to obligations.
Details of compliance carbon pricing instruments
Compare and sort ETSs and Carbon taxes based on a range of design features. Filters applied to the table are also displayed in the map above.
Updated August 28, 2025: The share of jurisdictional emissions covered data reflects the "gross" emissions covered by a specific carbon pricing instrument. This does not take into account any overlaps in emissions coverage with other instruments implemented in that jurisdiction.
| Unique ID | Instrument name | Type | Status | Start date | End date | Scope | Jurisdiction | Region | Country income group | Main price rate | Share of jurisdiction's GHG emissions covered | Government revenue | Covered gases | Sectors | Point of Regulation | Allocation approaches | Price or market management | Offset eligibility | Banking/borrowing | Coverage threshold |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albania carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2008 | National | Albania | Europe & Central Asia | Upper middle income | US$14 (ALL1,255) | 73% | US$0 million (2024) (ALL0 million) | ||||||||||
Albania ETS | ETS | Under consideration | TBC | National | Albania | Europe & Central Asia | Upper middle income | |||||||||||||
Alberta carbon tax | Carbon tax | Abolished | 2017 | 2019 | Subnational | Alberta | North America | High income | ||||||||||||
Alberta CCIR | ETS | Abolished | 2018 | 2020 | Subnational | Alberta | North America | High income | ||||||||||||
Alberta SGER | ETS | Abolished | 2007 | 2017 | Subnational | Alberta | North America | High income | ||||||||||||
Alberta TIER | ETS | Implemented | 2020 | Subnational | Alberta | North America | High income | US$66 (CAN$95) | 59% | US$412 million (2024) (CAN$564 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs, Other | Point Source | Free allocation (Intensity-based), Set price | Set price trajectory | Yes, unlimited | Banking | 100000 tCO2-e | |||
Andorra carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2022 | National | Andorra | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$32 (30) | 95% | US$0 million (2024) (0 million) | ||||||||||
Argentina carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2018 | National | Argentina | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | US$5 (ARS5,716) | 38% | US$225 million (2024) (ARS203,646 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs | Upstream | Set price | Not permitted | ||||||
Argentina ETS | ETS | Under consideration | TBC | National | Argentina | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | |||||||||||||
Australia CPM | ETS | Abolished | 2012 | 2014 | National | Australia | East Asia & Pacific | High income | ||||||||||||
Australia Safeguard Mechanism | ETS | Implemented | 2023 | National | Australia | East Asia & Pacific | High income | US$22 (A$35) | 26% | US$ million (2024) (A$ million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, PFCs, Other | Point Source | Free allocation (Intensity-based) | None | Yes, unlimited | Banking | 100000 tCO2-e | |||
Austria ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2022 | National | Austria | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$49 (45) | 36% | US$1,264 million (2024) (1,177 million) | Several gases (primarily CO2 for fuels not in EU ETS) | Upstream | Set price | Fixed price | Not permitted | None | None | |||
Bahrain carbon tax | Carbon tax | Under consideration | TBC | National | Bahrain | Middle East & North Africa | High income | |||||||||||||
Baja California carbon tax | Carbon tax | Abolished | 2020 | 2021 | Subnational | Baja California | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | ||||||||||||
Beijing pilot ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2013 | Subnational | Beijing | East Asia & Pacific | Upper middle income | US$12 (RMB88) | 17% | US$1 million (2024) (RMB8 million) | CO2 | Point Source | Free allocation (Grandfathering), Free allocation (Intensity-based) | Price corridor | Yes, with quantitative limit | Banking | 5000 tCO2-e | |||
Botswana carbon tax | Carbon tax | Under consideration | TBC | National | Botswana | Sub-Saharan Africa | Upper middle income | |||||||||||||
Brazil ETS | ETS | Under development | TBC | National | Brazil | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | |||||||||||||
BC carbon tax | Carbon tax | Abolished | 2008 | 2025 | Subnational | British Columbia | North America | High income | ||||||||||||
BC OBPS | ETS | Implemented | 2019 | Subnational | British Columbia | North America | High income | US$66 (CAN$95) | 26% | US$ million (2024) (CAN$ million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs | Point Source | Free allocation (Intensity-based), Set price | Set price trajectory | Yes, with quantitative limit | Banking | 10000 tCO2-e | |||
Brunei Darussalam Undecided | Undefined | Under consideration | TBC | National | Brunei Darussalam | East Asia & Pacific | High income | |||||||||||||
California CaT | ETS | Implemented | 2012 | Subnational | California | North America | High income | US$29 (US$29) | 76% | US$4,401 million (2024) (US$4,401 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs, Other | Point Source, Upstream | Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning | Price floor, Market stability reserve | Yes, with quantitative limit | Banking | 25000 tCO2-e | |||
Canada ETS | ETS | Under development | TBC | National | Canada | North America | High income | |||||||||||||
Canada federal fuel charge | Carbon tax | Abolished | 2019 | 2025 | National | Canada | North America | High income | ||||||||||||
Canada federal OBPS | ETS | Implemented | 2019 | National | Canada | North America | High income | US$66 (CAN$95) | 3% | US$0 million (2024) (CAN$0 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs | Point Source | Free allocation (Intensity-based) | Set price trajectory | Yes, with quantitative limit | Banking | 50000 tCO2-e | |||
Catalonia carbon tax | Carbon tax | Under consideration | TBC | Subnational | Catalonia | Europe & Central Asia | High income | |||||||||||||
Chile carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2017 | National | Chile | Latin America & Caribbean | High income | US$5 (US$5) | 55% | US$140 million (2024) (US$140 million) | CO2 | Downstream | Set price, no allocation of allowances. | Yes, unlimited | 25000 tCO2e | |||||
Chile ETS | ETS | Under development | TBC | National | Chile | Latin America & Caribbean | High income | |||||||||||||
China national ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2021 | National | China | East Asia & Pacific | Upper middle income | US$12 (RMB86) | 51% | US$ million (2024) (RMB million) | CO2 | Point Source | Free allocation (Intensity-based) | None | Yes, with quantitative limit | Banking | 26000 tCO2-e | |||
Chongqing pilot ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2014 | Subnational | Chongqing | East Asia & Pacific | Upper middle income | US$6 (RMB40) | 14% | US$3 million (2024) (RMB23 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs | Point Source | Free allocation (Grandfathering), Free allocation (Intensity-based) | None | Yes, with quantitative limit | Banking | 13000 tCO2-e | |||
Colima carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2025 | Subnational | Colima | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | US$28 (MXN566) | 17% | US$0 million (2024) (MXN0 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs, Other | Point source | Set price | Introductory set price | Yes, with quantitative limits | |||||
Colombia carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2017 | National | Colombia | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | US$7 (COP27,398) | 20% | US$133 million (2024) (COP551,965 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O | Upstream | Set price | The price is set by the Government, with the price fixed, except for coal where the rate is set to increase gradually. | Yes, with quantitative limits | None | ||||
Colombia ETS | ETS | Under development | TBC | National | Colombia | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | |||||||||||||
Colorado GHG crediting trading system | ETS | Implemented | 2025 | Subnational | Colorado | North America | High income | US$ (US$) | 3% | US$ million (2024) (US$ million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, PFCs, NF3 | Point Source | Free allocation (Grandfathering) possibly implied | None (baseline-and-credit structure, no price corridor) | Not permitted | Banking | 25000 tCO2-e, EITE?50k | |||
Côte dIvoire carbon tax | Carbon tax | Under consideration | TBC | National | Côte dIvoire | Sub-Saharan Africa | Lower middle income | |||||||||||||
Denmark carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 1992 | National | Denmark | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$108 (DKK (Øre)75,000) | 64% | US$503 million (2024) (DKR3,495 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs | Upstream, Point source | Set Price | Set Price | Not permitted | Not Applicable | ||||
Dominican Republic ETS | ETS | Under consideration | TBC | National | Dominican Republic | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | |||||||||||||
Durango carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2024 | Subnational | Durango | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | US$5 (MXN100) | 34% | US$6 million (2024) (MXN112 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O HFCs, SF6, PFCs | Point source | Set price | Introductory set price | Not permitted | Equal or greater than 1 tCO2 | ||||
Estonia carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2000 | National | Estonia | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$27 (25) | 10% | US$2 million (2024) (2 million) | CO2 | Point source | Set price | Set price | Not permitted | None | Not available | |||
EU ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2005 | Regional | EU27+ | Europe & Central Asia | Europe & Central Asia | US$70 (65) | 40% | US$41,703 million (2024) (38,811 million) | CO2, N2O, PFCs, and additional coverage in certain industries | Point Source | Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning | None (Market stability reserve, no direct corridor) | Not permitted | Banking (no borrowing) | 20 MW | |||
EU ETS2 | ETS | Under development | TBC | Regional | EU27+ | Europe & Central Asia | Europe & Central Asia | |||||||||||||
Finland carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 1990 | National | Finland | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$67 (62) | 45% | US$1,375 million (2024) (1,280 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O | Upstream | Set price | Fixed price | Not permitted | Not applicable | ||||
France carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2014 | National | France | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$48 (45) | 41% | US$7,844 million (2024) (7,300 million) | CO2 | Upstream | Set price | The price is set by the Government | Not permitted | |||||
Fujian pilot ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2016 | Subnational | Fujian | East Asia & Pacific | Upper middle income | US$5 (RMB34) | 16% | US$ million (2024) (RMB million) | CO2 | Point Source | Free allocation (Grandfathering), Free allocation (Intensity-based) | None | Yes, with quantitative limit | Banking | 5000 tcoe | |||
Germany ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2021 | National | Germany | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$49 (45) | 39% | US$13,933 million (2024) (12,967 million) | CO2 | Upstream | Set price | Fixed price | Not permitted | None | None | |||
Guanajuato carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2023 | Subnational | Guanajuato | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | US$5 (MXN100) | 40% | US$2 million (2024) (MXN34 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, other | Point source | Set price | Exemption for the first 35 tCO2e emitted | Less than 35 Tons CO2eq/year are tax exempted | |||||
Guangdong pilot ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2013 | Subnational | Guangdong (except Shenzhen) | East Asia & Pacific | Upper middle income | US$5 (RMB39) | 12% | US$ million (2024) (RMB million) | CO2 | Point Source | Free allocation (Grandfathering), Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning | None | Yes, with quantitative limit | Banking | 10000 tCO2-e | |||
Hawaii carbon tax | Carbon tax | Under consideration | TBC | Subnational | Hawaii | North America | High income | |||||||||||||
Hubei pilot ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2014 | Subnational | Hubei | East Asia & Pacific | Upper middle income | US$5 (RMB38) | 20% | US$ million (2024) (RMB million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs | Point Source | Free allocation (Grandfathering), Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning | None (ad-hoc auctions, market adjustment factor) | Yes, with quantitative limit | Banking | 13000 tCO2-e | |||
Hungary carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2023 | National | Hungary | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$39 (36) | 32% | US$182 million (2024) (170 million) | CO2, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs | Point source | Fixed price | Not permitted | None | 10,000tCO2e | ||||
EU ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2007 | Regional | Iceland | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$70 (65) | 40% | US$41,703 million (2024) (38,811 million) | CO2, N2O, PFCs, and additional coverage in certain industries | Point Source | Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning | None (Market stability reserve, no direct corridor) | Not permitted | Banking (no borrowing) | 20 MW | |||
Iceland carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2010 | National | Iceland | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$60 (ISK8,000) | 37% | US$54 million (2024) (ISK7,515 million) | CO2, HFCs, PFCs | Upstream | Set price | Set price | Not permitted | None | ||||
India ETS | ETS | Under development | TBC | National | India | South Asia | Lower middle income | |||||||||||||
Indonesia carbon tax | Carbon tax | Under development | TBC | National | Indonesia | East Asia & Pacific | Upper middle income | |||||||||||||
Indonesia ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2023 | National | Indonesia | East Asia & Pacific | Upper middle income | US$1 (IDR12,000) | 24% | US$ million (2024) (IDR million) | CO2, CH4, N2O | Point Source | Free allocation (Intensity-based) | None | Yes, with quantitative limit | Banking | 25 MW | |||
Ireland carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2010 | National | Ireland | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$69 (64) | 34% | US$1,111 million (2024) (1,034 million) | CO2 | Upstream | Set price | Set price trajectory - Rates of carbon taxation are set by the Government and increases each year based on a pre-determined trajectory up to 2030. | Not permitted | None | ||||
Israel carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2025 | National | Israel | Middle East & North Africa | High income | US$2 (ILS6) | 78% | US$0 million (2024) (ILS0 million) | CO2 | Upstream | Set price with exemptions mentioned above | Set price trajectory adjusted with inflation | ||||||
Jalisco carbon tax | Carbon tax | Under consideration | TBC | Subnational | Jalisco | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | |||||||||||||
Japan carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2012 | National | Japan | East Asia & Pacific | High income | US$2 (JPY289) | 80% | US$1,452 million (2024) (JPY234,000 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs, Other | Upstream | Set price | Set price | Not permitted | None | ||||
Japan ETS | ETS | Under development | TBC | National | Japan | East Asia & Pacific | High income | |||||||||||||
Kazakhstan ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2013 | National | Kazakhstan | Europe & Central Asia | Upper middle income | US$1 (KZT470) | 43% | US$ million (2024) (KZT million) | CO2 | Point Source | Free allocation (Intensity-based) | None (auctions planned but not implemented) | Yes, unlimited | Banking (within phase) | 20000 tCO2-e | |||
Kenya carbon tax | Carbon tax | Under consideration | TBC | National | Kenya | Sub-Saharan Africa | Lower middle income | |||||||||||||
Korea ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2015 | National | Korea, Rep. | East Asia & Pacific | High income | US$6 (KRW9,490) | 79% | US$134 million (2024) (KRW185,859 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6 | Point Source | Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning | None (market stabilization measures) | Yes, with quantitative limit | Banking (some constraints), no borrowing | 25000 tCO2-e | |||
Latvia carbon Tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2004 | National | Latvia | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$16 (15) | 2% | US$8 million (2024) (8 million) | CO2 | Upstream | Set price | Set price | Not permitted | None | ||||
EU ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2007 | National | Liechtenstein | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$70 (65) | 40% | US$41,703 million (2024) (38,811 million) | CO2, N2O, PFCs, and additional coverage in certain industries | Point Source | Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning | None (Market stability reserve, no direct corridor) | Not permitted | Banking (no borrowing) | 20 MW | |||
Liechtenstein carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2008 | National | Liechtenstein | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$136 (Sfr120) | 72% | US$9 million (2024) (Sfr8 million) | CO2 | Upstream | Set price | The price is set by the Government | Yes, with quantitative limits | None | ||||
Luxembourg carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2021 | National | Luxembourg | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$59 (54) | 72% | US$303 million (2024) (282 million) | CO2 | Upstream | Set price | Set price trajectory | Not permitted | |||||
Malaysia ETS | ETS | Under consideration | TBC | National | Malaysia | East Asia & Pacific | Upper middle income | |||||||||||||
Malaysia carbon tax | Carbon tax | Under development | TBC | National | Malaysia | East Asia & Pacific | Upper middle income | |||||||||||||
Maryland ETS | ETS | Under consideration | TBC | Subnational | Maryland | North America | High income | |||||||||||||
Massachusetts ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2018 | Subnational | Massachusetts | North America | High income | US$9 (US$9) | 9% | US$19 million (2024) (US$19 million) | CO2 | Point Source | Auctioning | None (state-level quarterly auctions) | Not permitted | Banking (cap adjustments) | 25 MW | |||
Mauritania carbon tax | Carbon tax | Under consideration | TBC | National | Mauritania | Sub-Saharan Africa | Lower middle income | |||||||||||||
Mexico carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2014 | National | Mexico | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | US$4 (MXN80) | 29% | US$411 million (2024) (MXN7,552 million) | CO2 | Upstream | Set price | The price is set by the Government | Yes, unlimited | Equal or greater than 1 tonne CO2 | ||||
Mexico ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2020 | National | Mexico | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | US$0 (MXN0) | 36% | US$ million (2024) (MXN million) | CO2 | Point Source | Free allocation (Grandfathering) | None | Yes, with quantitative limit | Banking restricted (pilot?operational) | 100000 tCO2-e | |||
Mexico City carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2025 | Subnational | Mexico City | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | US$3 (MXN58) | 18% | US$0 million (2024) (MXN0 million) | CO2, CH4, and N2O | Point source | Set price | Introductory set price | Not permitted | Equal or greater than 1 ton CO2eq/month | ||||
Montenegro ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2020 | National | Montenegro | Europe & Central Asia | Upper middle income | US$26 (24) | 43% | US$14 million (2024) (13 million) | CO2 | Point Source | Free allocation (Grandfathering), Free allocation (Fixed Benchmarking), Auctioning | None (about 19% auctions, min price around EUR 24) | Not permitted | Banking | No data threshold | |||
Morelos carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2025 | Subnational | Morelos | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | US$12 (MXN250) | 31% | US$0 million (2024) (MXN0 million) | CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs | Point source | Set price | Introductory set price | Equal or greater than 1 tonneCO2eq/month | |||||
Morocco carbon tax | Carbon tax | Under consideration | TBC | National | Morocco | Middle East & North Africa | Lower middle income | |||||||||||||
Netherlands carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2021 | National | Netherlands | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$95 (88) | 45% | US$0 million (2024) (0 million) | CO2, N2O | Point source | Set price | Set price trajectory | Not permitted | Matches EU ETS coverage threshold | ||||
New Brunswick carbon tax | Carbon tax | Abolished | 2020 | 2023 | Subnational | New Brunswick | North America | High income | ||||||||||||
New Brunswick OBPS | ETS | Implemented | 2021 | Subnational | New Brunswick | North America | High income | US$66 (CAN$95) | 54% | US$0 million (2024) (CAN$0 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, PFCs | Point Source | Free allocation (Intensity-based) | None (set carbon price path) | Not permitted | Banking | 50000 tCO2-e | |||
New Jersey ETS | ETS | Under consideration | TBC | Subnational | New Jersey | North America | High income | |||||||||||||
New York State ETS | ETS | Under development | TBC | Subnational | New York State | North America | High income | |||||||||||||
New Zealand carbon tax | Carbon tax | Under consideration | TBC | National | New Zealand | East Asia & Pacific | High income | |||||||||||||
New Zealand ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2008 | National | New Zealand | East Asia & Pacific | High income | US$32 (NZ$56) | 44% | US$293 million (2024) (NZ$481 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs | Upstream + point source | Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning | Auction floor + cost containment reserve | No | Banking | None | |||
Newfoundland and Labrador carbon tax | Carbon tax | Abolished | 2019 | 2023 | Subnational | Newfoundland and Labrador | North America | High income | ||||||||||||
Newfoundland and Labrador PSS | ETS | Implemented | 2019 | Subnational | Newfoundland and Labrador | North America | High income | US$66 (CAN$95) | 36% | US$0 million (2024) (CAN$1 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, PFCs | Point Source | Free allocation (Intensity-based) | None (set carbon price path) | Not permitted | Banking | 25000 tCO2-e | |||
Northwest Territories carbon tax | Carbon tax | Abolished | 2019 | 2025 | Subnational | Northwest Territories | North America | High income | ||||||||||||
EU ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2007 | Regional | Norway | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$70 (65) | 40% | US$41,703 million (2024) (38,811 million) | CO2, N2O, PFCs, and additional coverage in certain industries | Point Source | Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning | None (Market stability reserve, no direct corridor) | Not permitted | Banking (no borrowing) | 20 MW | |||
Norway carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 1991 | National | Norway | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$134 (NOK1,405) | 65% | US$1,605 million (2024) (NOK17,080 million) | CO2, N2O, CH4, HFCs, PFCs, SF6 | Upstream | Set price | The price is set yearly by the Norwegian Parliament. The government has also announced a plan to increase prices towards 2030. | Not permitted | None | Not Available | |||
Nova Scotia OBPS | ETS | Implemented | 2019 | Subnational | Nova Scotia | North America | High income | US$66 (CAN$95) | 36% | US$13 million (2024) (CAN$18 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs, NF3 | Point Source | Free allocation (Intensity-based) | None (set carbon price path) | Not permitted | Banking | 50000 tCO2-e | |||
Ontario CaT | ETS | Abolished | 2017 | 2018 | Subnational | Ontario | North America | High income | ||||||||||||
Ontario EPS | ETS | Implemented | 2022 | Subnational | Ontario | North America | High income | US$66 (CAN$95) | 26% | US$0 million (2024) (CAN$0 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, PFCs, NF3 | Point Source | Free allocation (Intensity-based) | None (set carbon price path) | Not permitted | Banking (EPUs valid 5 yrs) | 50000 tCO2-e | |||
Oregon ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2025 | Subnational | Oregon | North America | High income | US$0 (US$0) | 48% | US$ million (2024) (US$ million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, PFCs, NF3 | Mixed (upstream fuels + point sources) | Free allocation (some from second compliance), Auctioning | Auction floor + cost containment, plus Community Climate Investment credits | Yes, with quantitative limit | Banking, no borrowing | No single numeric threshold is uniform | |||
Pakistan ETS | ETS | Under consideration | TBC | National | Pakistan | South Asia | Lower middle income | |||||||||||||
Paraguay carbon tax | Carbon tax | Under consideration | TBC | National | Paraguay | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | |||||||||||||
Pennsylvania ETS | ETS | Under consideration | TBC | Subnational | Pennsylvania | North America | High income | |||||||||||||
Philippines ETS | ETS | Under consideration | TBC | National | Philippines | East Asia & Pacific | Lower middle income | |||||||||||||
Poland carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 1990 | National | Poland | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$0 (PLZ0) | 24% | US$7 million (2024) (PLZ27 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs, Other | Point source | Set price | Not permitted | PLN800 | |||||
Portugal carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2015 | National | Portugal | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$73 (67) | 40% | US$1,270 million (2024) (1,182 million) | CO2 | Upstream | Set price, Rebates | Not permitted | Nil | |||||
Prince Edward Island carbon tax | Carbon tax | Abolished | 2019 | 2023 | Subnational | Prince Edward Island | North America | High income | ||||||||||||
Quebec CaT | ETS | Implemented | 2013 | Subnational | Quebec | North America | High income | US$42 (US$42) | 76% | US$1,055 million (2024) (CAN$1,444 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3 | Mixed (point source + upstream fuels + electricity) | Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning | Price floor, Market stability reserve | Yes, with quantitative limit | Banking (no borrowing) | 25000 tCO2-e | |||
Queretaro carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2022 | Subnational | Queretaro | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | US$33 (MXN668) | 18% | US$15 million (2024) (MXN282 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs, Other | Point source | Set price | Set price | Yes, with quantitative limits | Equal or greater than 1 tCO2eq | ||||
RGGI | ETS | Implemented | 2009 | Subnational | RGGI | North America | High income | US$23 (US$23) | 14% | US$1,456 million (2024) (US$1,456 million) | CO2 | Point Source | Auctioning | Price floor, Emissions containment reserve, Cost containment reserve | Yes, with quantitative limit | Banking, no borrowing | 25 MW | |||
Saitama ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2011 | Subnational | Saitama | East Asia & Pacific | High income | US$1 (JPY144) | 16% | US$ million (2024) (JPY million) | CO2 | Downstream | Free allocation (Grandfathering) | None (no corridor). Baseline approach with compliance factors | Yes, with partial limit | Banking | 1500 kL | |||
Sakhalin ETS | ETS | Under development | TBC | Subnational | Sakhalin | Europe & Central Asia | High income | |||||||||||||
San Luis Potosí carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2025 | Subnational | San Luis Potosí | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | US$17 (MXN339) | 68% | US$1 million (2024) (MXN20 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and Black Carbon | Point source | Set price | Set price | The tax is collected from the 1st ton emitted | |||||
Saskatchewan OBPS | ETS | Abolished | 2019 | 2025 | Subnational | Saskatchewan | North America | High income | ||||||||||||
Senegal carbon tax | Carbon tax | Under consideration | TBC | National | Senegal | Sub-Saharan Africa | Lower middle income | |||||||||||||
Shanghai pilot ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2013 | Subnational | Shanghai | East Asia & Pacific | Upper middle income | US$11 (RMB78) | 21% | US$13 million (2024) (RMB96 million) | CO2 | Point Source | Free allocation (Grandfathering), Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning | None (some auctions) | Yes, with quantitative limit | Banking | 20000 tCO2-e | |||
Shenzhen pilot ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2013 | Subnational | Shenzhen | East Asia & Pacific | Upper middle income | US$7 (RMB47) | 37% | US$ million (2024) (RMB million) | CO2 | Downstream | Free allocation (Grandfathering), Free allocation (Intensity-based) | None (two auctions historically) | Yes, with quantitative limit | Banking (no borrowing) | 3000 tCO2-e | |||
Singapore carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2019 | National | Singapore | East Asia & Pacific | High income | US$19 (S$25) | 71% | US$150 million (2024) (S$204 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs, NF3 | Point source | Auctioned at fixed price, with free allocation (intensity-based) for EITE sectors. | Set price trajectory | Yes, with quantitative limits | Not applicable | 25000 tCO2e | |||
Slovenia carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 1996 | National | Slovenia | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$33 (31) | 46% | US$173 million (2024) (161 million) | CO2 | Midstream | Set price | Fixed price | unit of pollution | |||||
South Africa carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2019 | National | South Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa | Upper middle income | US$13 (R236) | 82% | US$92 million (2024) (R1,689 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs | Point source | Set price | Set price trajectory. The Carbon Tax rate trajectory is set out in the 2022 Taxation Laws Amendment Act | Yes, with quantitative limits | none | 10MW(th) capacity for fuel combustion emissions from electricity and heat generation. (see 2020 Tax Laws Amendment Act for thresholds applicable to activities) | |||
Spain carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2014 | National | Spain | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$16 (15) | 2% | US$118 million (2024) (110 million) | HFCs, PFCs, SF6 | Upstream | Set price | Formula-based price based on the multiplication of 0,015 coefficient and fluorinates GWP. General rate of EUR 15/tCO2e, price floor or minimum rate of EUR 4,39/tCO2 for a few high GWP fluorinates (EUR100/kg fluorinate cap or price ceiling applies) | Not permitted | None | No | |||
State of Mexico carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2022 | Subnational | State of Mexico | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | US$3 (MXN58) | 47% | US$14 million (2024) (MXN252 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O | Point source | Set price | Introductory set price | Yes, with quantitative limits | Applies to natural and fixed sources of emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide gases) that sum 1 ton of CO2e per month. | ||||
Sweden carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 1991 | National | Sweden | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$145 (SEK1,450) | 40% | US$2,306 million (2024) (SEK24,400 million) | CO2 | Upstream | Set price | The price is set by the Government | Not permitted | None | ||||
Switzerland carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2008 | National | Switzerland | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$136 (Sfr120) | 35% | US$1,426 million (2024) (Sfr1,285 million) | CO2 | Upstream | Set price, Rebates | The price is set by the Government | Yes, with quantitative limits | |||||
Switzerland ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2008 | National | Switzerland | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$65 (60) | 13% | US$50 million (2024) (Sfr45 million) | CO2, N2O, CH4, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3 | Point Source, Aviation | Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning | None (linked with EU ETS, no offsets) | Not permitted | Banking (aligned with EU), no borrowing | EU-like thresholds | |||
Taiwan, China carbon fee | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2024 | Subnational | Taiwan, China | East Asia & Pacific | High income | US$9 (RMB66) | 54% | US$0 million (2024) (RMB0 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3 | Point source/Downstream | Set price | Yes, with quantitative limits | 25000 tCO2e | |||||
Taiwan, China ETS | ETS | Under consideration | TBC | Subnational | Taiwan, China | East Asia & Pacific | High income | |||||||||||||
Tamaulipas carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2022 | Subnational | Tamaulipas | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | US$17 (MXN339) | 48% | US$82 million (2024) (MXN1,512 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs | Point source | Set price | Fixed price | Yes, with quantitative limits | Any facility that emits more than 25,000 tCO2e is subject to the tax | ||||
Thailand carbon tax | Carbon tax | Under development | TBC | National | Thailand | East Asia & Pacific | Upper middle income | |||||||||||||
Thailand ETS | ETS | Under consideration | TBC | National | Thailand | East Asia & Pacific | Upper middle income | |||||||||||||
Tianjin pilot ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2013 | Subnational | Tianjin | East Asia & Pacific | Upper middle income | US$5 (RMB39) | 18% | US$ million (2024) (RMB million) | CO2 | Point Source | Free allocation (Grandfathering), Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning | None (ad-hoc auctions) | Yes, with quantitative limit | Banking, no borrowing | 20000 tCO2-e | |||
Tokyo CaT | ETS | Implemented | 2010 | Subnational | Tokyo | East Asia & Pacific | High income | US$4 (JPY600) | 19% | US$ million (2024) (JPY million) | CO2 | Downstream | Free allocation (Grandfathering) | None (baseline approach, no corridor) | Yes, with partial limit | Banking | 1500 kL | |||
Türkiye ETS | ETS | Under development | TBC | National | Türkiye | Europe & Central Asia | Upper middle income | |||||||||||||
Ukraine carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2011 | National | Ukraine | Europe & Central Asia | Upper middle income | US$1 (UAH30) | 32% | US$80 million (2024) (UAH3,300 million) | CO2 | Point source | Set price | Set price | Not permitted | None | 500 tCO2 | |||
Ukraine ETS | ETS | Under development | TBC | National | Ukraine | Europe & Central Asia | Upper middle income | |||||||||||||
UK Carbon Price Support | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2013 | National | United Kingdom | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$23 (£18) | 12% | US$872 million (2024) (£688 million) | CO2 | Upstream | Set price | Not permitted | None | |||||
UK ETS | ETS | Implemented | 2021 | National | United Kingdom | Europe & Central Asia | High income | US$57 (£44) | 27% | US$3,250 million (2024) (£2,564 million) | CO2, N2O, PFCs | Point Source, Aviation | Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning | Auction with floor (GBP22), cost containment mechanism | Not permitted | Banking (limited overdraw) | 20 MW | |||
Uruguay CO2 tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2022 | National | Uruguay | Latin America & Caribbean | High income | US$159 (YUY6,704) | 5% | US$302 million (2024) (YUY12,078 million) | CO2 | Upstream | Set price | Not permitted | ||||||
Vermont ETS | ETS | Under consideration | TBC | Subnational | Vermont | North America | High income | |||||||||||||
Viet Nam ETS | ETS | Under development | TBC | National | Viet Nam | East Asia & Pacific | Lower middle income | |||||||||||||
Washington CCA | ETS | Implemented | 2023 | Subnational | Washington | North America | High income | US$50 (US$50) | 71% | US$811 million (2024) (US$811 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, PFCs, NF3, others | Mixed (upstream fuels, point sources) | Free allocation (Grandfathering, Benchmark), Auctioning | Price floor, cost containment reserve | Yes, with quantitative limit | Banking (holding limits), no borrowing | 25000 tCO2-e | |||
Yucatan carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2022 | Subnational | Yucatan | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | US$15 (MXN305) | 32% | US$6 million (2024) (MXN117 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs | Point source | Set price | Fixed price | Yes, with quantitative limits | Equal or greater than 1 tonne CO2eq | ||||
Zacatecas carbon tax | Carbon tax | Implemented | 2017 | Subnational | Zacatecas | Latin America & Caribbean | Upper middle income | US$12 (MXN250) | 50% | US$16 million (2024) (MXN290 million) | CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs | Point source | Set price | Set price | Not permitted | Equal or greater than 1 tonne of CO2eq |
