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Compliance Instruments

100 Jurisdictions

58 National

42 Subnational

Instruments Implemented

87 Overall Implemented

47 Carbon Tax

40 ETS

+10 since 2025

Compliance Carbon Pricing Instruments Around the World, 2026

Map shows jurisdictions with carbon taxes or emissions trading system implemented, under development or under consideration.

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Status:

Carbon Tax Implemented
ETS Implemented
Both Implemented

Carbon Tax Under Consideration/Development
ETS Under Consideration/Development
Both or Undecided Under Consideration/Development

Carbon pricing instruments are considered "Implemented" once they have been formally adopted through legislation and compliance obligations are in force and enforced; "Under development" if the government is actively working towards the implementation of a specific carbon pricing instrument, a mandate may have been established, but regulated entities do not yet face compliance obligations, and this has been formally confirmed by official government sources; or "Under consideration" if the government has announced its intention to work towards the implementation of a carbon pricing instrument and this has been formally confirmed by official government sources. An "Abolished" instrument is one that has previously met the definition of "Implemented" but is no longer in place. *The UK left the EU ETS but electricity generators in Northern Ireland are still subject to obligations. Read More

Details of Compliance Carbon Pricing Instruments

Instrument Name	Type	Status	Start Date	Scope	Jurisdiction	Region	Country Income Group	Main Price Rate	Share Of Jurisdiction's Ghg Emissions Covered	Government Revenue	Covered Gases	Sectors	Point Of Regulation	Allocation Approaches	Price Or Market Management	Offset Eligibility	Banking/Borrowing	Coverage Threshold
Albania carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2008	National	Albania	Europe & Central Asia	Upper middle income	US$17 (ALL1,400)	0.73	US$36 million (2025) (ALL2,975 million)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Albania ETS	ETS	Under consideration	TBC	National	Albania	Europe & Central Asia	Upper middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Alberta carbon tax	Carbon tax	Abolished	2017	Subnational	Alberta	North America	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Alberta CCIR	ETS	Abolished	2018	Subnational	Alberta	North America	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Alberta SGER	ETS	Abolished	2007	Subnational	Alberta	North America	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Alberta TIER	ETS	Implemented	2020	Subnational	Alberta	North America	High income	US$68 (CAN$95)	0.625	US$333 million (2025) (CAN$466 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs, Other	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives waste	Point Source	Free allocation (Intensity-based), Set price	Set price trajectory	Yes, with quantitative limit	Banking	100000 tCO2-e
Andorra carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2022	National	Andorra	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$35 (30)	0.95	US$11 million (2025) (10 million)	CO2	N/A	N/A	NA		N/A	N/A	N/A
Argentina carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2018	National	Argentina	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	US$4 (ARS5,716)	0.38	US$323 million (2025) (ARS400,826 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives transport aviation buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Upstream	Set price	N/A	Not permitted	N/A	N/A
Argentina ETS	ETS	Under consideration	TBC	National	Argentina	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Australia CPM	ETS	Abolished	2012	National	Australia	East Asia & Pacific	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Australia Safeguard Mechanism	ETS	Implemented	2023	National	Australia	East Asia & Pacific	High income	US$25 (A$36)	0.26	US$ million (2025) (A$ million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, PFCs	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives transport aviation waste	Point Source	Free allocation (Intensity-based)	None	Yes, unlimited	Banking and borrowing	100000 tCO2-e
Austria ETS	ETS	Implemented	2022	National	Austria	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$64 (55)	0.47	US$1,578 million (2025) (1,400 million)	CO2	electricity and heat mining and extractives transport buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Upstream	Set price	Fixed price	Not permitted	None	None
Bahrain carbon tax	Carbon tax	Under consideration	TBC	National	Bahrain	Middle East & North Africa	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Baja California carbon tax	Carbon tax	Abolished	2020	Subnational	Baja California	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Beijing pilot ETS	ETS	Implemented	2013	Subnational	Beijing	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	US$15 (RMB106)	0.173200426	US$1 million (2025) (RMB8 million)	CO2	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives transport buildings	Point Source	Free allocation (Grandfathering), Free allocation (Intensity-based)	Price corridor	Yes, with quantitative limit	Banking	5000 tCO2-e
Botswana carbon tax	Carbon tax	Under consideration	TBC	National	Botswana	Sub-Saharan Africa	Upper middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Brazil ETS	ETS	Under development	TBC	National	Brazil	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
BC carbon tax	Carbon tax	Abolished	2008	Subnational	British Columbia	North America	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
BC OBPS	ETS	Implemented	2019	Subnational	British Columbia	North America	High income	US$68 (CAN$95)	0.26	US$ million (2025) (CAN$ million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs	industry mining and extractives	Point Source	Free allocation (Intensity-based), Set price	Set price trajectory	Yes, with quantitative limit	Banking	10000 tCO2-e
Brunei Darussalam Undecided	Undefined	Under consideration	TBC	National	Brunei Darussalam	East Asia & Pacific	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
California CaT	ETS	Implemented	2012	Subnational	California	North America	High income	US$29 (US$29)	0.76	US$3,130 million (2025) (US$3,130 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs, Other	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives transport buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Point Source, Upstream	Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning	Price floor, Market stability reserve	Yes, with quantitative limit	Banking	25000 tCO2-e
Canada ETS	ETS	Under development	TBC	National	Canada	North America	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Canada federal fuel charge	Carbon tax	Abolished	2019	National	Canada	North America	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Canada federal OBPS	ETS	Implemented	2019	National	Canada	North America	High income	US$68 (CAN$95)	0.03	US$ million (2025) (CAN$ million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives	Point Source	Free allocation (Intensity-based)	Set price trajectory	Yes, with quantitative limit	Banking	50000 tCO2-e
Catalonia carbon tax	Carbon tax	Under consideration	TBC	Subnational	Catalonia	Europe & Central Asia	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Chile carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2017	National	Chile	Latin America & Caribbean	High income	US$5 (US$5)	0.224	US$89 million (2025) (US$116 million)	CO2	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Downstream	Set price, no allocation of allowances.	N/A	Yes, unlimited, elegible offset type domestic, eligible standards CDM, Gold Standard, VCS, Cercarbono and Biocarbon. CAR is close to being recognized	N/A	N/A
Chile ETS	ETS	Under development	TBC	National	Chile	Latin America & Caribbean	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
China national ETS	ETS	Implemented	2021	National	China	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	US$12 (RMB80)	0.521365638	US$ million (2025) (RMB million)	CO2	electricity and heat industry	Point Source	Free allocation (Intensity-based)	None	Yes, with quantitative limit	Banking	26000 tCO2-e
Chongqing pilot ETS	ETS	Implemented	2014	Subnational	Chongqing	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	US$5 (RMB36)	0.14318811	US$3 million (2025) (RMB23 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs	industry waste	Point Source	Free allocation (Grandfathering), Free allocation (Intensity-based)	None	Yes, with quantitative limit	Banking	13000 tCO2-e
Colima carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2025	Subnational	Colima	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	US$33 (MXN587)	0.544	US$0 million (2025) (MXN0 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs, Other	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Point source	Set price	Formula- based price	Yes, with quantitative limits	Not applicable	N/A
Colombia carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2017	National	Colombia	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	US$8 (COP29,070)	0.2	US$85 million (2025) (COP345,537 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives transport aviation buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Upstream	Set price	The price is set by the Government, with the price fixed, except for coal where the rate is set to increase gradually.	Yes, with quantitative limits	N/A	N/A
Colombia ETS	ETS	Under development	TBC	National	Colombia	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Colorado GHG crediting trading system	ETS	Implemented	2025	Subnational	Colorado	North America	High income	US$25 (US$25)	0.033	US$0 million (2025) (US$0 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, PFCs, NF3	industry mining and extractives	Point Source	Free allocation (Output-based benchmarking)	None (baseline-and-credit structure, no price corridor)	Not permitted	Banking	25000 tCO2-e
Côte dIvoire carbon tax	Carbon tax	Under consideration	TBC	National	Côte dIvoire	Sub-Saharan Africa	Lower middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Denmark carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	1992	National	Denmark	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$116 (DKK (Øre)750)	0.64	US$2,054 million (2025) (DKK13,600 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives transport aviation buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Upstream, Point source	Set Price	Set Price	Not permitted	Not Applicable	N/A
Dominican Republic ETS	ETS	Under consideration	TBC	National	Dominican Republic	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Durango carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2024	Subnational	Durango	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	US$6 (MXN100)	0.34	US$3 million (2025) (MXN54 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O HFCs, SF6, PFCs	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Point source	Set price	Introductory set price	Not permitted	Neither permitted	N/A
Estonia carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2000	National	Estonia	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$2 (2)	0.1	US$2 million (2025) (2 million)	CO2	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives	Point source	Set price	Set price	Not permitted	None	N/A
EU ETS	ETS	Implemented	2005	Regional	EU27+	Europe & Central Asia	Europe & Central Asia	US$85 (73)	0.362704721	US$48,752 million (2025) (43,250 million)	CO2, N2O, PFCs, and additional coverage in certain industries	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives transport aviation	Point Source	Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning	None (Market stability reserve, no direct corridor)	Not permitted	Banking (no borrowing)	20 MW
EU ETS2	ETS	Under development	TBC	Regional	EU27+	Europe & Central Asia	Europe & Central Asia	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Finland carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	1990	National	Finland	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$60 (51)	0.45	US$1,127 million (2025) (1,000 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O	industry mining and extractives transport buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Upstream	Set price	Fixed price	Not permitted	Not applicable	N/A
France carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2014	National	France	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$52 (45)	0.41	US$7,778 million (2025) (6,900 million)	CO2	industry mining and extractives transport buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Upstream	Set price	The price is set by the Government	Not permitted	N/A	N/A
Fujian pilot ETS	ETS	Implemented	2016	Subnational	Fujian	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	US$3 (RMB21)	0.162781686	US$ million (2025) (RMB million)	CO2	industry mining and extractives aviation	Point Source	Free allocation (Grandfathering), Free allocation (Intensity-based)	None	Yes, with quantitative limit	Banking	5000 tcoe or annual CO? emissions of more than 13,000 tonnes in any year from the last three years.
Germany ETS	ETS	Implemented	2021	National	Germany	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$64 (55)	0.42	US$18,227 million (2025) (16,170 million)	CO2	industry mining and extractives transport buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use waste	Upstream	Set price	Fixed price	Not permitted	None	None
Guanajuato carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2023	Subnational	Guanajuato	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	US$6 (MXN100)	0.355	US$3 million (2025) (MXN58 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, other	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Point source	Set price	Exemption for the first 35 tCO2e emitted/year	Not specified	Not applicable	N/A
Guangdong pilot ETS	ETS	Implemented	2013	Subnational	Guangdong (except Shenzhen)	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	US$6 (RMB39)	0.124151131	US$ million (2025) (RMB million)	CO2	industry mining and extractives aviation	Point Source	Free allocation (Grandfathering), Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning	None	Yes, with quantitative limit	Banking	10000 tCO2-e
Hawaii carbon tax	Carbon tax	Under consideration	TBC	Subnational	Hawaii	North America	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Hubei pilot ETS	ETS	Implemented	2014	Subnational	Hubei	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	US$6 (RMB39)	0.200530825	US$ million (2025) (RMB million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs	industry mining and extractives buildings	Point Source	Free allocation (Grandfathering), Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning	None (ad-hoc auctions, market adjustment factor)	Yes, with quantitative limit	Banking	13000 tCO2-e
Hungary carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2023	National	Hungary	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$42 (36)	0.32	US$208 million (2025) (73,538 million)	CO2, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives transport aviation	Point source		Fixed price	Not permitted	None	N/A
EU ETS	ETS	Implemented	2007	Regional	Iceland	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$85 (73)	0.362704721	US$48,752 million (2025) (43,250 million)	CO2, N2O, PFCs, and additional coverage in certain industries	N/A	Point Source	Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning	None (Market stability reserve, no direct corridor)	Not permitted	Banking (no borrowing)	20 MW
Iceland carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2010	National	Iceland	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$82 (ISK10,200)	0.37	US$85 million (2025) (ISK10,971 million)	CO2, HFCs, PFCs	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives transport aviation buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Upstream	Set price	Set price	Not permitted	None	N/A
India ETS	ETS	Implemented	2026	National	India	South Asia	Lower middle income	US$ (INR0)	0.10992482	US$ million (2025) (INR million)	CO2, PFCs	industry mining and extractives buildings	Point Source	Free allocation	None	Not permitted currently	Banking	N/A
Indonesia carbon tax	Carbon tax	Under development	TBC	National	Indonesia	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Indonesia ETS	ETS	Implemented	2023	National	Indonesia	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	US$1 (IDR12,000)	0.2139	US$ million (2025) (IDR million)	CO2, CH4, N2O	electricity and heat	Point Source	Free allocation (Intensity-based)	None	Yes, with quantitative limit	Banking	25 MW
Ireland carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2010	National	Ireland	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$74 (64)	0.344	US$1,326 million (2025) (1,176 million)	CO2	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives transport buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Point of regulation for CO2 emissions is not the same as point of taxation for carbon taxes.	Set price	Set price trajectory - Rates of carbon taxation are set by the Government and increases each year based on a pre-determined trajectory up to 2030.	Not permitted	None	N/A
Israel carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2025	National	Israel	Middle East & North Africa	High income	US$2 (ILS6)	0.73	US$259 million (2025) (ILS893 million)	CO2	N/A	Upstream	An industrial adaptation support scheme based on a 2022 baseline, with a 2.1% annual reduction.	Set price trajectory	None.	Not applicable.	N/A
Jalisco carbon tax	Carbon tax	Under consideration	TBC	Subnational	Jalisco	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Japan carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2012	National	Japan	East Asia & Pacific	High income	US$2 (JPY289)	0.8	US$1,443 million (2025) (JPY216,000 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs, Other	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives transport buildings	Upstream	Set price	Set price	Not permitted	None	N/A
Japan ETS	ETS	Implemented	2026	National	Japan	East Asia & Pacific	High income	US$0 (JPY0)	0.6	US$ million (2025) (JPY million)	CO2	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives transport aviation buildings	Point source	Free allocation (grandfathering and fixed benchmarking)	Price floor and Price ceiling	Yes, with quantitative limit	No banking or borrowing	100000 tCO2e
Kazakhstan ETS	ETS	Implemented	2013	National	Kazakhstan	Europe & Central Asia	Upper middle income	US$1 (KZT455)	0.44	US$ million (2025) (KZT million)	CO2	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives	Point Source	Free allocation (Intensity-based)	None (auctions planned but not implemented)	Yes, unlimited	Banking (within phase)	20000 tCO2-e
Kenya carbon tax	Carbon tax	Under consideration	TBC	National	Kenya	Sub-Saharan Africa	Lower middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Korea ETS	ETS	Implemented	2015	National	Korea, Rep.	East Asia & Pacific	High income	US$10 (KRW15,600)	0.778	US$133 million (2025) (KRW189,200 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives transport aviation buildings waste	Point Source	Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning	None (market stabilization measures)	Yes, with quantitative limit	Banking (some constraints), no borrowing	25000 tCO2-e
Latvia carbon Tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2004	National	Latvia	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$17 (15)	0.02	US$5 million (2025) (5 million)	CO2	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives	Upstream	Set price	Set price	Not permitted	None	N/A
EU ETS	ETS	Implemented	2007	National	Liechtenstein	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$85 (73)	0.362704721	US$48,752 million (2025) (43,250 million)	CO2, N2O, PFCs, and additional coverage in certain industries	N/A	Point Source	Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning	None (Market stability reserve, no direct corridor)	Not permitted	Banking (no borrowing)	20 MW
Liechtenstein carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2008	National	Liechtenstein	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$150 (Sfr120)	0.72	US$10 million (2025) (Sfr8 million)	CO2	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives transport buildings	Upstream	Set price	The price is set by the Government	Yes, with quantitative limits	None	N/A
Luxembourg carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2021	National	Luxembourg	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$46 (40)	0.72	US$318 million (2025) (282 million)	CO2	industry mining and extractives transport buildings	Upstream	Set price	Set price trajectory	Not permitted		N/A
Malaysia ETS	ETS	Under consideration	TBC	National	Malaysia	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Malaysia carbon tax	Carbon tax	Under development	TBC	National	Malaysia	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Maryland ETS	ETS	Under consideration	TBC	Subnational	Maryland	North America	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Massachusetts ETS	ETS	Implemented	2018	Subnational	Massachusetts	North America	High income	US$30 (US$30)	0.09	US$78 million (2025) (US$78 million)	CO2	electricity and heat	Point Source	Auctioning	None (state-level quarterly auctions)	Not permitted	Banking (cap adjustments)	25 MW
Mauritania carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2025	National	Mauritania	Sub-Saharan Africa	Lower middle income	US$20 (US$20)	0.0466	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mexico carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2014	National	Mexico	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	US$4 (MXN68)	0.416	US$592 million (2025) (MXN11,397 million)	The tax covers all fossil fuels with carbon content, except natural gas.	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives transport aviation buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Upstream	Set price	The price is set by the Government annually	Yes, unlimited	Not applicable	N/A
Mexico ETS	ETS	Implemented	2020	National	Mexico	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	US$0 (MXN0)	0.36	US$ million (2025) (MXN million)	CO2	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives	Point Source	Free allocation (Grandfathering)	None	Yes, with quantitative limit	Banking restricted (pilot?operational)	100000 tCO2-e
Minneapolis carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2025	Subnational	Minneapolis	North America	High income	US$5 (US$5)	0.01	US$ million (2025) (US$ million)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mexico City carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2025	Subnational	Mexico City	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	US$3 (MXN60)	0.179	US$3 million (2025) (MXN60 million)	CO2, CH4, and N2O	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Point source	Set price	Introductory set price	Not specified	Not applicable	N/A
Montenegro ETS	ETS	Implemented	2020	National	Montenegro	Europe & Central Asia	Upper middle income	US$28 (24)	0.43	US$14 million (2025) (13 million)	CO2	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives	Point Source	Free allocation (Grandfathering), Free allocation (Fixed Benchmarking), Auctioning	None (about 19% auctions, min price around EUR 24)	Not permitted	Banking	No data threshold
Morelos carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2025	Subnational	Morelos	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	US$6 (MXN103)	0.31	US$0 million (2025) (MXN1 million)	CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Point source	Set price	Formula- based price	Not specified	Not applicable	N/A
Morocco carbon tax	Carbon tax	Under consideration	TBC	National	Morocco	Middle East & North Africa	Lower middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Netherlands carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2021	National	Netherlands	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$102 (88)	0.45	US$0 million (2025) (0 million)	CO2, N2O	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives	Point source	Set price	Set price trajectory	Not permitted	N/A	N/A
New Brunswick carbon tax	Carbon tax	Abolished	2020	Subnational	New Brunswick	North America	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
New Brunswick OBPS	ETS	Implemented	2021	Subnational	New Brunswick	North America	High income	US$68 (CAN$95)	0.54	US$15 million (2025) (CAN$21 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, PFCs	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives	Point Source	Free allocation (Intensity-based)	None (set carbon price path)	Not permitted	Banking	50000 tCO2-e
New Jersey ETS	ETS	Under consideration	TBC	Subnational	New Jersey	North America	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
New York State ETS	ETS	Under development	TBC	Subnational	New York State	North America	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
New Zealand carbon tax	Carbon tax	Under consideration	TBC	National	New Zealand	East Asia & Pacific	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
New Zealand ETS	ETS	Implemented	2008	National	New Zealand	East Asia & Pacific	High income	US$24 (NZ$42)	0.44	US$3 million (2025) (NZ$6 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives transport aviation buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use waste lulucf	Upstream + point source	Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning	Auction floor + cost containment reserve	No	Banking	None
Newfoundland and Labrador carbon tax	Carbon tax	Abolished	2019	Subnational	Newfoundland and Labrador	North America	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Newfoundland and Labrador PSS	ETS	Implemented	2019	Subnational	Newfoundland and Labrador	North America	High income	US$68 (CAN$95)	0.39	US$0 million (2025) (CAN$1 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, PFCs	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives	Point Source	Free allocation (Intensity-based)	None (set carbon price path)	Not permitted	Banking	25000 tCO2-e
Northwest Territories carbon tax	Carbon tax	Abolished	2019	Subnational	Northwest Territories	North America	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
EU ETS	ETS	Implemented	2007	Regional	Norway	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$85 (73)	0.362704721	US$48,752 million (2025) (43,250 million)	CO2, N2O, PFCs, and additional coverage in certain industries	N/A	Point Source	Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning	None (Market stability reserve, no direct corridor)	Not permitted	Banking (no borrowing)	20 MW
Norway carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	1991	National	Norway	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$170 (NOK1,639)	0.65	US$1,870 million (2025) (NOK19,440 million)	CO2, N2O, CH4, HFCs, PFCs, SF6	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives transport aviation buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use waste	Upstream	Set price	The price is set yearly by the Norwegian Parliament. The government has also announced a plan to increase prices towards 2030 and 2035.	Not permitted	None	N/A
Nova Scotia OBPS	ETS	Implemented	2019	Subnational	Nova Scotia	North America	High income	US$68 (CAN$95)	0.35	US$24 million (2025) (CAN$33 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs, NF3	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives	Point Source	Free allocation (Intensity-based)	None (set carbon price path)	Not permitted	Banking	50000 tCO2-e
Ontario CaT	ETS	Abolished	2017	Subnational	Ontario	North America	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ontario EPS	ETS	Implemented	2022	Subnational	Ontario	North America	High income	US$68 (CAN$95)	0.24	US$186 million (2025) (CAN$261 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, PFCs, NF3	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives	Point Source	Free allocation (Intensity-based)	None (set carbon price path)	Not permitted	Banking (EPUs valid 5 yrs)	50000 tCO2-e
Oregon ETS	ETS	Implemented	2025	Subnational	Oregon	North America	High income	US$0 (US$0)	0.5	US$ million (2025) (US$ million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, PFCs, NF3	industry mining and extractives transport buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use waste	Mixed (upstream fuels + point sources)	Free allocation (some from second compliance), Auctioning	Auction floor + cost containment, plus Community Climate Investment credits	Yes, with quantitative limit	Banking, no borrowing	No single numeric threshold is uniform
Pakistan ETS	ETS	Under consideration	TBC	National	Pakistan	South Asia	Lower middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Paraguay carbon tax	Carbon tax	Under consideration	TBC	National	Paraguay	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Pennsylvania ETS	ETS	Under consideration	TBC	Subnational	Pennsylvania	North America	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Philippines ETS	ETS	Under consideration	TBC	National	Philippines	East Asia & Pacific	Lower middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Poland carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	1990	National	Poland	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$0 (PLZ0)	0.24	US$7 million (2025) (PLZ27 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs, Other	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives transport aviation buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Point source	Set price	N/A	Not permitted	N/A	N/A
Portugal carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2015	National	Portugal	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$78 (67)	0.4	US$1,333 million (2025) (1,182 million)	CO2	N/A	Upstream	Set price, Rebates	Formula-based price setting.	Not permitted	N/A	N/A
Prince Edward Island carbon tax	Carbon tax	Abolished	2019	Subnational	Prince Edward Island	North America	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Quebec CaT	ETS	Implemented	2013	Subnational	Quebec	North America	High income	US$29 (US$40)	0.79	US$794 million (2025) (CAN$1,110 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives transport buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Mixed (point source + upstream fuels + electricity)	Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning	Price floor, Market stability reserve	Yes, with quantitative limit	Banking (no borrowing)	25000 tCO2-e
Queretaro carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2022	Subnational	Queretaro	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	US$39 (MXN692)	0.18	US$12 million (2025) (MXN240 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs, Other	industry mining and extractives buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Point Source	Set price	Formula- based price	Yes, upt to 20% of certified emissions certified with the carbon Stad of Querétaro (SBC-QRO)	Not applicable	N/A
RGGI	ETS	Implemented	2009	Subnational	RGGI	North America	High income	US$26 (US$26)	0.14	US$1,500 million (2025) (US$1,500 million)	CO2	electricity and heat	Point Source	Auctioning	Price floor, Emissions containment reserve, Cost containment reserve	Yes, with quantitative limit	Banking, no borrowing	25 MW
Saitama ETS	ETS	Implemented	2011	Subnational	Saitama	East Asia & Pacific	High income	US$1 (JPY144)	0.16	US$ million (2025) (JPY million)	CO2	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Downstream	Free allocation (Grandfathering)	None (no corridor). Baseline approach with compliance factors	Yes, with partial limit	Banking	1500 kL
Sakhalin ETS	ETS	Under development	TBC	Subnational	Sakhalin	Europe & Central Asia	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
San Luis Potosí carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2025	Subnational	San Luis Potosí	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	US$20 (MXN352)	0.676	US$2 million (2025) (MXN41 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and Black Carbon	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Point source	Set price	Formula- based price	Not identified	Not applicable	N/A
Saskatchewan OBPS	ETS	Abolished	2019	Subnational	Saskatchewan	North America	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Senegal carbon tax	Carbon tax	Under consideration	TBC	National	Senegal	Sub-Saharan Africa	Lower middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Shanghai pilot ETS	ETS	Implemented	2013	Subnational	Shanghai	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	US$9 (RMB62)	0.20772766	US$13 million (2025) (RMB96 million)	CO2	industry mining and extractives transport aviation buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Point Source	Free allocation (Grandfathering), Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning	None (some auctions)	Yes, with quantitative limit	Banking	20000 tCO2-e
Shenzhen pilot ETS	ETS	Implemented	2013	Subnational	Shenzhen	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	US$7 (RMB46)	0.375103859	US$ million (2025) (RMB million)	CO2	industry mining and extractives transport buildings waste	Downstream	Free allocation (Grandfathering), Free allocation (Intensity-based)	None (two auctions historically)	Yes, with quantitative limit	Banking (no borrowing)	3000 tCO2-e
Singapore carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2019	National	Singapore	East Asia & Pacific	High income	US$35 (S$45)	0.7	US$491 million (2025) (S$642 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs, NF3	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives waste	Point source	Auctioned at fixed price, with free allocation (intensity-based) for EITE sectors.	Set price trajectory	Yes, with quantitative limits	Not applicable	N/A
Slovenia carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	1996	National	Slovenia	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$36 (31)	0.46	US$181 million (2025) (161 million)	CO2	transport buildings	Midstream	Set price	Fixed price	N/A	N/A	N/A
South Africa carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2019	National	South Africa	Sub-Saharan Africa	Upper middle income	US$18 (R308)	0.82	US$109 million (2025) (R1,943 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives transport aviation buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Point source	Set price	Set price trajectory. The Carbon Tax rate trajectory is set out in the 2022 Taxation Laws Amendment Act	Yes, with quantitative limits	none	N/A
Spain carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2014	National	Spain	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$17 (15)	0.019	US$116 million (2025) (103 million)	HFCs, PFCs, SF6	industry	Upstream	Set price	Formula-based price based on the multiplication of 0,015 coefficient and fluorinates GWP. General rate of EUR 15/tCO2e, price floor or minimum rate of EUR 4,39/tCO2 for a few high GWP fluorinates (EUR100/kg fluorinate cap or price ceiling applies)	Not permitted	None	N/A
State of Mexico carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2022	Subnational	State of Mexico	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	US$2 (MXN43)	0.477	US$15 million (2025) (MXN291 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Sweden carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	1991	National	Sweden	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$155 (SEK1,450)	0.4	US$2,485 million (2025) (SEK24,400 million)	CO2	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives transport aviation buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Upstream	Set price	The price is set by the Government	Not permitted	None	N/A
Switzerland carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2008	National	Switzerland	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$150 (Sfr120)	0.38	US$1,377 million (2025) (Sfr1,145 million)	CO2	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Upstream	Set price, Rebates	The price is set by the Government	Yes, with quantitative limits	N/A	N/A
Switzerland ETS	ETS	Implemented	2008	National	Switzerland	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$99 (80)	0.12	US$93 million (2025) (Sfr77 million)	CO2, N2O, CH4, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives aviation	Point Source, Aviation	Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning	None (linked with EU ETS, no offsets)	Not permitted	Banking (aligned with EU), no borrowing	EU-like thresholds
Taiwan, China carbon fee	Carbon tax	Implemented	2024	Subnational	Taiwan, China	East Asia & Pacific	High income	US$9 (RMB300)	0.8	US$ million (2025) (RMB million)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Taiwan, China ETS	ETS	Under consideration	TBC	Subnational	Taiwan, China	East Asia & Pacific	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Tamaulipas carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2022	Subnational	Tamaulipas	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	US$20 (MXN352)	0.5923	US$7 million (2025) (MXN132 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Point source	Set price	Formula- based price	Yes, with quantitative limit	Not applicable	N/A
Thailand carbon tax	Carbon tax	Under development	TBC	National	Thailand	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Thailand ETS	ETS	Under consideration	TBC	National	Thailand	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Tianjin pilot ETS	ETS	Implemented	2013	Subnational	Tianjin	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	US$4 (RMB30)	0.183921171	US$ million (2025) (RMB million)	CO2	industry mining and extractives aviation	Point Source	Free allocation (Grandfathering), Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning	None (ad-hoc auctions)	Yes, with quantitative limit	Banking, no borrowing	20000 tCO2-e
Tokyo CaT	ETS	Implemented	2010	Subnational	Tokyo	East Asia & Pacific	High income	US$4 (JPY585)	0.2	US$ million (2025) (JPY million)	CO2	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives buildings waste	Downstream	Free allocation (Grandfathering)	None (baseline approach, no corridor)	Yes, with partial limit	Banking	1500 kL
Türkiye ETS	ETS	Under development	TBC	National	Türkiye	Europe & Central Asia	Upper middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ukraine carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2011	National	Ukraine	Europe & Central Asia	Upper middle income	US$1 (UAH30)	0.32	US$79 million (2025) (UAH3,300 million)	CO2	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives buildings waste	Point source	Set price	Set price	Not permitted	None	N/A
Ukraine ETS	ETS	Under development	TBC	National	Ukraine	Europe & Central Asia	Upper middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
UK Carbon Price Support	Carbon tax	Implemented	2013	National	United Kingdom	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$24 (£18)	0.1	US$604 million (2025) (£459 million)	N/A	electricity and heat	None - Set price	N/A	N/A	Upstream	Not permitted	N/A
UK ETS	ETS	Implemented	2021	National	United Kingdom	Europe & Central Asia	High income	US$55 (£41)	0.25	US$3,541 million (2025) (£2,689 million)	CO2, N2O, PFCs	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives aviation	Point Source, Aviation	Free allocation (Intensity-based), Auctioning	Auction with floor (GBP22), cost containment mechanism	Not permitted	Banking (limited overdraw)	20 MW
Uruguay CO2 tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2022	National	Uruguay	Latin America & Caribbean	High income	US$166 (YUY6,704)	0.05	US$317 million (2025) (YUY13,071 million)	CO2	mining and extractives transport	Upstream	Set price	Formula-based price setting	Not permitted	N/A	N/A
Vermont ETS	ETS	Under consideration	TBC	Subnational	Vermont	North America	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Viet Nam ETS	ETS	Implemented	2025	National	Viet Nam	East Asia & Pacific	Lower middle income	US$ (VND)	0.459386392	US$ million (2025) (VND million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6	electricity and heat industry	Point Source	Free Allocation: Output-based Benchmarking	None (baseline-and-credit structure, no price corridor)	The use of offset credits is allowed. Covered facilities may use domestic and international carbon credits for compliance alongside allowances.	Banking, borrowing up to 15% of next-phase allocation	No numerical threshold
Washington CCA	ETS	Implemented	2023	Subnational	Washington	North America	High income	US$65 (US$65)	0.71	US$1,642 million (2025) (US$1,642 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, PFCs, NF3, others	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives transport aviation buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use agricultural emissions waste	Mixed (upstream fuels, point sources)	Free allocation (Grandfathering, Benchmark), Auctioning	Price floor, cost containment reserve	Yes, with quantitative limit	Banking (holding limits), no borrowing	25000 tCO2-e
Yucatan carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2022	Subnational	Yucatan	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	US$18 (MXN316)	0.368	US$3 million (2025) (MXN62 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs	electricity and heat industry mining and extractives buildings agriculture, forestry and fishing fuel use	Point source	Set price	Formula- based price	Yes, with quantitative limits	Not applicable	N/A
Zacatecas carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2017	Subnational	Zacatecas	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	US$14 (MXN250)	0.5	US$15 million (2025) (MXN290 million)	CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs	N/A	Point source	Set price	Set price	Not permitted	Not permitted	N/A
Serbia carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2026	National	Serbia	Europe & Central Asia	Upper middle income	US$5 (RSD4)	0.55	US$ million (2025) (RSD0 million)	N/A	electricity and heat industry	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Nigeria carbon tax	Carbon tax	Implemented	2021	National	Nigeria	Sub-Saharan Africa	Lower middle income	US$7 (US$7)	0.052	US$ million (2025) (NGN million)	N/A	mining and extractives	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Guyana carbon tax	Carbon tax	Under consideration	TBC	National	Guyana	Latin America & Caribbean	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Bolivia ETS	ETS	Under consideration	TBC	National	Bolivia	Latin America & Caribbean	Lower middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

Global GHG Emissions Coverage

29%

Total: 15.6 GtCO₂e

25% ETS

4% Carbon Tax

Share of Emissions by Income Group

53% Overall

31% High Income

22% Middle Income

0% Low Income

Covered Emissions, 2026

Map shows jurisdictions with carbon taxes or emissions trading system implemented, under development or under consideration.

Filter:

Canada

8 Total Instruments

<20%

Canada Federal OBPS

3% Jurisdiction Emission

0.04% Global Emission

20-40%

Ontario EPS

26% Jurisdiction Emission

0.07% Global Emission

BC OBPS

26% Jurisdiction Emission

0.02% Global Emission

Nova Scotia OBPS

36% Jurisdiction Emission

0.01% Global Emission

Newfoundland and Labrador PSS

36% Jurisdiction Emission

0.01% Global Emission

40-60%

New Brunswick OBPS

54% Jurisdiction Emission

0.01% Global Emission

Alberta TIER

59% Jurisdiction Emission

0.29% Global Emission

60-80%

Emissions Coverage:

0-20% (<10 Mt CO2-e)
20-40% (10-100 Mt CO2-e)
40-60% (100-500 Mt CO2-e)
60-80% (500-1000 Mt CO2-e)
80-100% (1000+ Mt CO2-e)

For each jurisdiction the main price rate (covering the largest volume of emissions in the jurisdiction) is shown, subject to any filters applied.

Prices are not directly comparable due to differences in coverage, compliance and compensation arrangements. Prices are on 1 April, or latest available prior to 1 April each year. Note that some jurisdictions have multiple instruments in place. For example, Poland has a carbon tax but is also covered by the EU ETS. Coverage estimates for subnational Mexico carbon taxes are based on the national share of emissions for the sectors covered. Coverage figures for ETSs and carbon taxes that overlap are adjusted downwards to avoid double counting. Emission coverage figures are based on jurisdictions' latest available emissions data. Read More

Global Emissions Covered, by Instrument Type, Region or Income Group, (1990 – 2026)

Share of global greenhouse gas emissions covered by ETSs and carbon taxes over time (%).

By Instrument Type (2026)

28% Global emissions covered

Breakdown

20% ETS

6% Carbon Tax

2% Overlap

80 Instruments active globally

View By:

Instrument Type Region Income Group

Carbon Price Range (US$/tCO2e)

US$0.11 US$170

Min Max

Emissions Above Recommended Price

1% of global emissions

Price of Carbon Around the World, 2026

Heat map shows the level of the main price set by emissions trading systems or Carbon taxes in each jurisdiction (US$/tCO2e).

Filter:

Canada

8 Total Instruments

<20%

Canada Federal OBPS

3% Jurisdiction Emission

0.04% Global Emission

20-40%

Ontario EPS

26% Jurisdiction Emission

0.07% Global Emission

BC OBPS

26% Jurisdiction Emission

0.02% Global Emission

Nova Scotia OBPS

36% Jurisdiction Emission

0.01% Global Emission

Newfoundland and Labrador PSS

36% Jurisdiction Emission

0.01% Global Emission

40-60%

New Brunswick OBPS

54% Jurisdiction Emission

0.01% Global Emission

Alberta TIER

59% Jurisdiction Emission

0.29% Global Emission

60-80%

Price Range:

<US$20
<US$20-40
<US$40-60
<US$60-80
>US$80

For each jurisdiction the main price rate (covering the largest volume of emissions in the jurisdiction) is shown, subject to any filters applied.

Prices in ETSs and Carbon Taxes in 2026

Shows the main price set by ETSs and Carbon taxes (US$tCO2e).

HIGHEST CARBON TAX PRICE $158.7 Uruguay CO2 Tax

HIGHEST ETS PRICE $70 EU ETS

Instrument Type:

All ETS Carbon Tax

Show Coverage Level

Show All

* Indicates instruments with multiple price levels. Only the main rate is shown for these instruments. Prices are not directly comparable due to differences in coverage, compliance and compensation arrangements. Prices are on 1 April, or latest available prior to 1 April each year. Note that some jurisdictions have multiple instruments in place. For example, Poland has a carbon tax but is also covered by the EU ETS.

Government Revenue in 2023

US$107 Billion

Total

US$80 Billion ETS

US$27 Billion Carbon Tax

Government Revenue from Carbon Pricing, 2025

Heat map shows the level of annual government revenue collected by each jurisdiction through emissions trading systems and carbon taxes (US$ millions/year).

Filter:

Canada

1 Total Instruments

>0-10 million

Canada Federal Fuel Charge

US$8,859 million 2024

CAN$12,125 million 2024

Revenue:

<US$ >0-10 mln
<US$ 10 mln - 100 mln
<US$ 100 mln - 1 bln
<US$ 1 - 10 bln
<US$ >10 bln

Reflects the revenue collected by each jurisdictional Government. Note that in some cases revenue collected by one Government is later distributed to other jurisdictions (e.g. revenues collected by the Canadian Government through the Canada OBPS are then disbursed to relevant provinces or territories).

* Revenue values for EU ETS and RGGI are total revenues for the instrument (not for specific jurisdictions).

Carbon Pricing Revenue, By Instrument in 2025

Reflects the contribution to global government revenues from carbon pricing, by instrument.

$102.2B TOTAL REVENUE

$69.1B ETS

$33.1B Carbon Tax

EMISSIONS TRADING SYSTEM

TOP CONTRIBUTOR $41.7B EU ETS

CARBON TAX

TOP CONTRIBUTOR $41.7B Canada Federal Fuel Charge

Carbon Pricing Revenue by Instrument Chart

ETS
Carbon Tax

Governmental Crediting Mechanisms

34 Implemented

1 Regional

18 National

15 Subnational

Governmental Crediting Mechanisms

11 Under
Development

1 Regional

7 National

3 Subnational

Government-Administrated Carbon Crediting Mechanisms Around the World, 2026

Map shows administering jurisdictions with relevant carbon credit mechanisms implemented, under development or under consideration.

Filter:

Canada

1 Total Instruments

Canada Federal GHG Offset System

Implemented 2022

Status:

Implemented
Under Consideration/Development

Carbon crediting mechanisms are classified according to the type of organization that administers them:

International: Includes mechanisms established under international treaties and administered by international organizations.
Independent: Includes standards and crediting mechanisms administered by independent, non-governmental entities.
Governmental: Includes mechanisms administered by one or several regional, national, or subnational governments.

This map reflects the jurisdictions that administer carbon crediting mechanisms. As such it only shows governmental carbon crediting mechanisms, since international and independent mechanisms are not administered by jurisdictions. For information on host countries see 'Issuance' map.

Governmental carbon crediting mechanisms differ based on status: Crediting mechanisms are considered "Implemented" if they have issued credits (or have frameworks in place to allow credits to be used domestically, such as in South Africa). Crediting mechanisms are considered "Under development/consideration" if the government is actively working towards the implementation of a specific carbon crediting mechanism, and this has been formally confirmed by official government sources. An "Abolished" mechanism is one that has previously met the definition of 'Implemented' but is no longer in place.

Mechanism	Status	Year of Implementation	Scope	Administering Jurisdiction or organisation	Region	Income Group of Administering Country	Price (Range)	Eligible Activities	Compliance CPIs accepting credits generated through mechanism	Cumulative credits issued (ktCO2-e)	Cumulative Projects Registered
Alberta Emission Offset System	Implemented	2007	Subnational	Alberta	North America	High income	The TIER fund price is set at $95 per tonne of CO2e. Credits/offsets typically trade at an unknown discount to that number.	agriculture ccs/ccu energy efficiency/fuel switching forestry/land use fugitive emissions industrial gases/manufacturing renewable energy waste	Alberta TIER Regulation and Canadas Output-based Pricing System.	60748.86	484
Australian Carbon Credit Unit Scheme (ACCU)	Implemented	2012	National	Australia	East Asia & Pacific	High income	A$31.96-41.73/tCO2e (US$19.82-25.87/tCO2e )	agriculture energy efficiency/fuel switching forestry/land use fugitive emissions transport waste	The Australian Safeguard Mechanism accepts credits for compliance but is not a direct carbon pricing instrument	221217.022	3239
Beijing Certified Emission Reduction Mechanism	Implemented	2014	Subnational	Beijing	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	CNY83-110/tCO2-e (US$11.815.5/tCO2-e) (2024)	N/A	Beijing pilot ETS	149.665	1
Beijing Forestry Offset Mechanism	Abolished	2014	Subnational	Beijing	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	CNY13.8-61/tCO2e (US$2.1-9.28/tCO2e) (2020)	N/A	Beijing pilot ETS	0	Not available
Beijing Parking Offset Crediting Mechanism	Abolished	2017	Subnational	Beijing	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	CNY56-130/tCO2e (US$7-19/tCO2e) (2023)	N/A	Beijing pilot ETS	0	Not available
British Columbia Offset Program	Implemented	2016	Subnational	British Columbia	North America	High income	CAN$8-15/tCO2e (US$6-12/tCO2e) (2025)	energy efficiency/fuel switching forestry/land use waste	Greenhouse Gas Industrial Reporting and Control Act (GGIRCA) Climate Change Accountability Act (CCAA)	26598.883	122
California Compliance Offset Program	Implemented	2013	Subnational	California	North America	High income	US$20.88/tCO2e (weighted average price for 2023)	agriculture forestry/land use fugitive emissions industrial gases/manufacturing	California Cap-and-Trade Program and Québec Cap-and-Trade System	320100.023	569
Canada Federal GHG Offset System	Implemented	2022	National	Canada	North America	High income	N/A	N/A	Canadas federal Output-Based Pricing System Regulations and Clean Electricity Regulations	0	59
Chile Green Tax Emissions Offsetting Scheme	Implemented	2023	National	Chile	Latin America & Caribbean	High income	USD 3.5 - USD 5	N/A	Chile's carbon tax	8317.983	25
China GHG Voluntary Emission Reduction Program	Implemented	2012	National	China	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	CNY2.84-176/ tCO2-e(US$0.40-24.68/ tCO2-e	energy efficiency/fuel switching forestry/land use renewable energy waste	China National ETS, Beijing pilot ETS, Chongqing pilot ETS, CORSIA, Fujian pilot ETS, Guangdong pilot ETS, Hubei pilot ETS, Shanghai pilot ETS, Shenzhen pilot ETS, Tianjin pilot ETS	53000	1049
Chongqing carbon offset mechanism	Implemented	2021	Subnational	Chongqing	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	CNY19-45/ tCO2-e(US$2.686.34/tCO2-e)	forestry/land use renewable energy waste	Chongqing pilot ETS	1915.198	1
Climate Credit System	Under development	N/A	Subnational	Catalonia	Europe & Central Asia	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0
Colombia Crediting Mechanism	Implemented	2017	National	Colombia	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	Variable. Carbon Tax´s tariff is currently set at COP29.070,49 per tCO2e for 2026 and for 2025, the rate in force throughout that year was COP$27,399.14 per tCO2e. This is an implicit maximum price for credits sold for carbon tax offsetting mechanism purposes because those liable to the tax who opt for the exemption will choose credits that are below the current carbon tax rate. According to AlliedOffsets' Dashboard prepared for the Pacific Alliance, however, the average price offered (regardless of the purpose of sale) per credit is USD$6.98 since 2017, but the average for 2025 is USD$4,55. Prices vary mainly according to the project sector, but also due to other factors, such as credits vintage.	agriculture ccs/ccu energy efficiency/fuel switching forestry/land use fugitive emissions industrial gases/manufacturing renewable energy transport waste	Colombia's carbon tax	249024.6521	291
Ecuador Crediting Mechanism	Under development	N/A	National	Ecuador	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0
Egypt Crediting Mechanism	Under development	N/A	National	Egypt, Arab Rep.	Middle East & North Africa	Lower middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0
EU Carbon Removal Certification Framework	Under development	N/A	Regional	EU	Europe & Central Asia	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0
Fujian Forestry Offset Crediting Mechanism	Implemented	2016	Subnational	Fujian	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	CNY16.542.83/tCO2-e (US$2.305.96/tCO2-e)	forestry/land use	Fujian pilot ETS	2330	5
Greenhouse Gas Crediting and Offsetting Mechanism (GCOM)	Implemented	2023	National	Saudi Arabia	Middle East & North Africa	High income	N/A	N/A	Not applicable	0	0
Guangdong Pu Hui Offset Crediting Mechanism	Implemented	2017	Subnational	Guangdong (except Shenzhen)	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	CNY35.28-69.3/tCO2e (US$4.95-9.63/tCO2e)	forestry/land use renewable energy	Guangdong pilot ETS	3222.31	546
India Crediting Mechanism	Under development	2026	National	India	South Asia	Lower middle income	N/A	N/A	As yet, it is unclear if the compliance mechanism under CCTS will accept CCCs from the offset mechanism.	0	0
Indonesia Crediting Mechanism	Under development	N/A	National	Indonesia	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	N/A	N/A	ETS, with no limit of credits used for compliance. However, the MEMR Regulation no 16/22 only allows for offset credit from the energy sector. Eligible offset source are: a. New and renewable energy-based generation activities; b. Transport, construction and industry Subsector activities, including energy efficiency activities; and c. Other activities in the energy Sector. Currently no information on use of credits for carbon tax.	0	0
Indo-Pacific Carbon Offsets Scheme	Removed	N/A	Regional	Australia	East Asia & Pacific	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0
J-Credit Scheme	Implemented	2013	National	Japan	East Asia & Pacific	High income	Max: JPY6,600/t-CO2 (US$42.86/tCO2e -Renewable energy (electricity)) / Min: JPY2,800/t-CO2 (US$17.95/tCO2e - Domestic credits (not yet transferred)	agriculture energy efficiency/fuel switching forestry/land use fugitive emissions industrial gases/manufacturing renewable energy transport waste	GX-ETS (under consideration), Saitama ETS	15028.017	868
Joint Crediting Mechanism	Implemented	2013	Regional	Japan	East Asia & Pacific	High income	Not available	energy efficiency/fuel switching renewable energy transport	GX-ETS (1st phase and 2nd phase)	913.026	104
Kazakhstan Crediting Mechanism	Implemented	2013	National	Kazakhstan	Europe & Central Asia	Upper middle income	397 672 Tenge including VAT (354,46 600 Tenge excluding VAT)	renewable energy	Kazakstan ETS	11399.946	32
Mexico Crediting Mechanism	Under development	N/A	National	Mexico	Latin America & Caribbean	Upper middle income	Throughout the pilot phase and until now, allowances have been allocated free of monetary value and not formally traded on an active market, and so there is no official price for CO2 allowances during 2025.	N/A	ETS: Participants can meet up to 10% of their compliance obligations with offset or early action credits.	0	0
Murcia Crediting Mechanism	Under development	N/A	Subnational	Murcia	Europe & Central Asia	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0
Nova Scotia Crediting Mechanism	ETS	2023	Subnational	Nova Scotia	North America	High income	CAD80/tCO2e	N/A	Nova Scotia Output Based Pricing System	0	0
Panama Crediting Mechanism	Under development	N/A	National	Panama	Latin America & Caribbean	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0
Peatland Code	Implemented	2015	National	United Kingdom	Europe & Central Asia	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0
Portuguese Voluntary Carbon Market	Implemented	2024	National	Portugal	Europe & Central Asia	High income	Negotiated market price; 0.20 administrative fee.	N/A	None	0	0
Quebec Offset Crediting Mechanism	Implemented	2013	Subnational	Quebec	North America	High income	US$18.12/tCO2e (weighted average) (2024)	industrial gases/manufacturing waste	Quebec ETS, California ETS	2600.697	29
Republic of Korea Offset Credit Mechanism	Implemented	2015	National	Korea, Rep.	East Asia & Pacific	High income	KRW 8,130 - 11,850/tCO2e (US$5.72-8.33/tCO2e) (2025)	energy efficiency/fuel switching industrial gases/manufacturing renewable energy transport waste	Korea ETS	65621.538	1747
RGGI CO2 Offset Mechanism	Implemented	2005	Subnational	Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Vermont	North America	High income	US$22-28/tCO2e	waste	RGGI	48.081	0
Saitama Forest Absorption Certification System	Implemented	2010	Subnational	Saitama	East Asia & Pacific	High income	Not available	forestry/land use	Saitama Target Setting Emissions Trading System	6.283	373
Saitama Target Setting Emissions Trading System	Implemented	2011	Subnational	Saitama	East Asia & Pacific	High income	JPY144/tCO2e (US$1/tCO2e) (2019)	renewable energy	Saitama Target Setting Emissions Trading System, Tokyo ETS	14430	1143
Sakhalin Oblast Pilot crediting mechanism	Implemented	2022	Subnational	Sakhalin	Europe & Central Asia	Upper middle income	N/A	ccs/ccu energy efficiency/fuel switching forestry/land use renewable energy	N/A	0.096	0
South Africa Crediting Mechanism	Implemented	2019	National	South Africa	Sub-Saharan Africa	Upper middle income	The JSE Ventures Voluntary Carbon Market has facilitated the first trades of carbon credits eligible as offsets against the South African Carbon Tax. A total of 10,000 credits traded at $8.25 per credit, which is equivalent to approximately 80% of the current carbon tax rate of R190 per ton. According to the Green Asset Exchange, in 2024, offset credits in South Africa traded at R 155175/tonne, under the tax-offset system.	N/A	South Africa Carbon Tax	45887.799	38
Spain FES-CO2 Program	Implemented	2011	National	Spain	Europe & Central Asia	High income	EUR9.7/tCO2e (2025)	agriculture energy efficiency/fuel switching fugitive emissions industrial gases/manufacturing transport waste	N/A	4755.06	462
Sri Lanka Carbon Crediting Mechanism	Implemented	2016	National	Sri Lanka	South Asia	Lower middle income	USD1-2 / tCO2e	agriculture energy efficiency/fuel switching forestry/land use renewable energy transport waste	N/A	1861.048	14
Switzerland CO2 Attestations Crediting Mechanism	Implemented	2012	National	Switzerland	Europe & Central Asia	High income	CHF56-151/tCO2e (US$59-160/tCO2e) (2020)	energy efficiency/fuel switching forestry/land use fugitive emissions industrial gases/manufacturing transport waste	Producers and importers of fossil motor fuels only	19324.15	187
Taiwan Voluntary GHG Reduction Program	Implemented	2015	Subnational	Taiwan, China	East Asia & Pacific	High income	USD 105.6/tCO2e	energy efficiency/fuel switching fugitive emissions industrial gases/manufacturing transport waste	Carbon fee and ETS	16845.201	35
Thailand Voluntary Emission Reduction Program	Implemented	2014	National	Thailand	East Asia & Pacific	Upper middle income	18-2,000 THB/tCO2e (0.58-64.37 USD/tCO2e)	agriculture energy efficiency/fuel switching forestry/land use renewable energy transport waste	Not applicable	25839.765	701
Tokyo Cap-and-Trade Program	Implemented	2010	Subnational	Tokyo	East Asia & Pacific	High income	JPY170-1,000/ tCO2e (about US$1.09-6.42/tCO2e - Excess emission reductions); JPY4,100-8,200/tCO2e (US$26-53/tCO2e - Renewable energy credits)	energy efficiency/fuel switching renewable energy	Tokyo cap-and-trade program	22686	4106
UK Woodland Carbon Code	Implemented	2011	National	United Kingdom	Europe & Central Asia	High income	£26.85 (2024 volume weighted average per PIU) Spread price £62 (2024)	forestry/land use	Not applicable currently; WCC is monitoring ongoing discussions on integrating removals in the UK ETS	12.593	621
Vietnam Crediting Mechanism	Under development	N/A	National	Vietnam	East Asia & Pacific	Lower middle income	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0
Voluntary Carbon Credit System	Under development	N/A	Subnational	Galicia	Europe & Central Asia	High income	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	0
Washington Crediting Mechanism	Implemented	2023	Subnational	Washington	North America	High income	Offsets: N/a Pricing of offset transactions is non public information. Prices are established through private transactions directly between parties.	N/A	Washingtons Cap-and-Invest program allows the use of allowances, and offset credits issued by Ecology to fulfill a portion of an entitys compliance obligation.	2859.656	12

Credits Issued (original issuances)

6.2 B Total

3.3 B International

2.4 B Independent

500 M Governmental

Cumulative Carbon Credit Issuance, 2025

Heat map shows the level of carbon credits issued to emission reduction activities in each country (tCO2e).

Filter:

Canada

5 Total Instruments

40-100 million

Alberta Emission Offset System

94.1M credits (cumulative since 2007)

6.9M credits (issued in 2024)

15-40 million

British Columbia Offset Program

17.7M credits (cumulative since 2016)

587.4K credits (issued in 2024)

5-15 million

Verified Carbon Standard

6.6M credits (cumulative since 2005)

649.7K credits (issued in 2024)

<5 million

Cumulative Credits Issued:

<5 mln
5-15 mln
15-40 mln
40-100 mln
100+ mln

The color of each country indicates the amount of cumulative original issuances up until the selected year. Original issuances refer to those issuances that are unique to a specific crediting mechanism, occur for the first time and do not rely on any previous issuances from other crediting mechanisms.

* These issuance numbers include non-original issuances, which are shown for reference but not reflected in heat map colors.

Data availability up until Dec 31, 2024

Trends in Carbon Credit Issuance (2002 - 2025)

Shows annual issuance of carbon credits over time.

By Mechanism Category (2025)

TOP MECHANISM 79M Independent

View By:

Mechanism Category Host Country Region Host Country Income Group

This chart displays only original issuances which are credits that are unique to a specific mechanism, issued for the first time, and not dependent on previous issuances from other mechanisms.

Independent crediting issuances data availability up until April 1, 2025. Governmental and International crediting issuances data availability up until December 31, 2024.

A6.2 Agreements Signed

58 Total

Authorizations Issued

4 by buyer and seller countries

Participation in Cooperative Approaches, 2025

Map shows countries that have signed cooperative approaches as buyers or sellers under Article 6.2.

Filter:

Sweden

Buyer Not Authorized

5 Agreements signed

Type of Participation:

Seller - Non-Authorized
Seller - Authorized
Buyer - Non-Authorized
Buyer - Authorized

Agreements on Cooperative Approaches

Show each agreement on Cooperative approaches between buyer and seller countries.

Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement sets out the framework for international compliance carbon market where Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs) are traded bilaterally with corresponding adjustment (CA) under cooperative approaches.

Corresponding adjustment is a procedure established under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to avoid double counting. A selling (host) country that authorizes the transfer of mitigation must increase its reported emissions by the amount transferred. Carbon credits transferred with a CA cannot be counted toward the host/ seller country's NDC.

Footnotes:

* Indicates agreements that have been bilaterally authorized for transfer of ITMOs

Agreements signed by Japan and Australia with seller countries as part of JCM and IPCOS respectively are not included in this list but instead under government crediting mechanisms, because while these agreements are Article 6-aligned, they are not explicitly Article 6.2 agreements. With JCM, there are several agreements that pre-date Paris Agreement and credits / ITMOs generated as part of the mechanism will be shared by both Japan and seller country.

Carbon Pricing Dashboard

Compliance Instruments

Instruments Implemented

Compliance Carbon Pricing Instruments Around the World, 2026

Details of Compliance Carbon Pricing Instruments

Global GHG Emissions Coverage

Share of Emissions by Income Group

Covered Emissions, 2026

Canada

Global Emissions Covered, by Instrument Type, Region or Income Group, (1990 – 2026)

By Instrument Type (2026)

Carbon Price Range (US$/tCO2e)

Emissions Above Recommended Price

Price of Carbon Around the World, 2026

Canada

Prices in ETSs and Carbon Taxes in 2026

Government Revenue in 2023

Government Revenue from Carbon Pricing, 2025

Canada

Carbon Pricing Revenue, By Instrument in 2025

EMISSIONS TRADING SYSTEM

CARBON TAX

Governmental Crediting Mechanisms

Governmental Crediting Mechanisms

Government-Administrated Carbon Crediting Mechanisms Around the World, 2026

Canada

Details of Governmental Carbon Crediting Mechanisms

Credits Issued (original issuances)

Cumulative Carbon Credit Issuance, 2025

Canada

40-100 million

15-40 million

5-15 million

<5 million

Trends in Carbon Credit Issuance (2002 - 2025)

By Mechanism Category (2025)

A6.2 Agreements Signed

Authorizations Issued

Participation in Cooperative Approaches, 2025

Sweden

Agreements on Cooperative Approaches

Notifications